Characterizing grapevine (Vitis spp.) inflorescence architecture using X-ray imaging: implications for understanding cluster density

We characterized grapevine inflorescence architecture (the rachis and all branches without berries) to describe variation among 10 wild Vitis species, assess phylogenetic signals underlying inflorescence architecture traits, and interpret this variation in the context of breeding objectives. Three-dimensional X-ray tomography scans of grapevine inflorescences were used to measure geometric traits and inflorescence topology using persistent homology, a mathematical approach that can comprehensively measure and compare shapes. We simulated potential space available for berry growth within a given inflorescence architecture by evaluating expanding spheres attached to pedicels, referred to as berry potential . Lastly, we performed phylogenetic analysis and mapped trait variation. We detected wide variation in inflorescence architecture features among Vitis species. Hierarchical clustering and correlation analyses revealed relationships among traits. Multivariate analyses identify traits contributing the most to variation and distinguish between species with high accuracy. Phylogenetic analyses revealed 12 morphological traits with strong phylogenetic signal. Morphometric analysis uncovered novel differences in inflorescence architecture among clades and between Vitis species. Cluster density is an important trait for assessing crop quality and forecasting yield; analyses presented here can be used to tease apart subtle, heritable features and environmental influences on this major agronomic trait.