Immigration in Spain: Migratory Routes, Cooperation with Third Countries and Human Rights in Return

2019 
espanolTras una breve presentacion de la inmigracion en Espana, se analizan las principales vias de entrada a Espana para la inmigracion ilegal, con datos recientes del numero de llegadas por via maritima y terrestre al territorio peninsular y balear, al archipielago canario y a los territorios espanoles en el norte de Africa. Las rutas maritimas se consolidan como la tradicional forma de acceso al territorio espanol para los inmigrantes procedentes, principalmente, del Africa Subsahariana. Una excepcion se dio en los anos 2013 a 2015, en los que la inmigracion por via terrestre fue superior a la maritima, debido al incremento de la llegada de inmigrantes sirios a las Ciudades de Ceuta y, principalmente, de Melilla. En particular, el analisis se centra en los mecanismos politicos y operativos establecidos por las autoridades espanolas para mantener el control de sus fronteras maritimas, especialmente en las Islas Canarias. Estas fronteras maritimas se controlan mediante medidas unilaterales de vigilancia (Sistema Integrado de Vigilancia Exterior –SIVE-), cooperacion bilateral (acuerdos interestatales con Marruecos y otros paises del Africa subsahariana) y cooperacion regional (dentro de la Union Europea –UE-). Este estudio destaca como el aumento de la cooperacion entre Espana y los Estados africanos en la interceptacion de inmigrantes en los paises de origen y transito ha alterado las rutas migratorias. Igualmente, se analiza la practica espanola de las devoluciones en caliente de inmigrantes, tras los asaltos a las vallas fronterizas de Ceuta y Melilla, la llegada a nado a Ceuta o por via maritima a las Islas y Penones espanoles en el norte de Africa, en el marco del acuerdo hispano-marroqui de readmision de extranjeros entrados ilegalmente de 1992. Finalmente, se plantea como el refuerzo del control fronterizo es insuficiente para frenar los flujos migratorios, si no se complementa con politicas comunes en los paises europeos de destino y con mayores inversiones en los paises de origen, que den a sus ciudadanos la oportunidad de tener un nivel de vida mas alto y superar la tentacion de emigrar, como primera opcion EnglishFollowing a brief overview of immigration in Spain, the present paper first analyses the main routes of irregular immigration into Spain, giving recent data on the number of arrivals by sea and land to the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Spanish territories in North Africa. The sea has traditionally been the main route of entry to Spanish territory for immigrants primarily from Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the years 2013 to 2015 proved an exception to this rule, with immigration by land outstripping that by sea due to an increase in the arrival of Syrian immigrants to the cities of Ceuta and above all Melilla. Next, a description is given of the political and operational mechanisms established by the Spanish authorities to control Spain’s maritime borders, especially in the Canary Islands. Such border control is achieved through unilateral surveillance measures (the Integrated External Surveillance System, Spanish initials: SIVE), bilateral cooperation (inter-state agreements with Morocco and other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa) and regional cooperation within the European Union (EU). This is followed by a discussion of how immigration routes have been affected by increased cooperation between Spain and African States to intercept immigrants in their countries of origin or during transit. There is likewise an analysis of Spain’s use of summary returns or pushbacks following assaults or jumps on the border fences surrounding Ceuta and Melilla and attempts of arrival by swimming in Ceuta or by sea to Spanish islands and islets in North Africa, within the framework of the 1992 Spanish-Mo-roccan agreement on readmission of foreigners who have entered irregularly. Lastly, we argue that the reinforcement of border control alone is insufficient to curb migration flows: to be effective, it must be accompanied by common policies in the European countries of destination and increased investment in the countries of origin to provide their citizens with the opportunity to obtain a higher standard of living and overcome the temptation to emigrate as a first option
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