Longitudinal Reciprocal Relationships Between Subjective Social Status and Short Sleep Duration in a German Population-Based Sample

Objective Low socioeconomic status is associated with short sleep duration. Most studies in this area have used measures of objective socioeconomic status (OSS) such as income, education, or occupation. Subjective social status (SSS) refers to one's perceived standing in the social hierarchy. Cross-sectional findings suggest that lower SSS is associated with short sleep duration beyond the effect of OSS. This work examines longitudinal associations between SSS, OSS, and short sleep duration. Methods Reciprocal associations of national SSS (ie, comparison with people in one's country), local SSS (ie, comparison with people in one's social environment), and OSS (ie, income and education) with sleep duration were examined across two data waves with a two-year time lag using cross-lagged panel modeling. Participants of this secondary analysis were 2156 individuals who participated in a representative German panel. Results Lower national SSS (but not local SSS) and lower income at baseline predicted short sleep duration at follow-up. When considering indicators of SSS and OSS simultaneously, only national SSS remained a significant predictor of short sleep duration. A half-longitudinal mediation analysis indicated that national SSS mediates associations between lower OSS and short sleep duration. Conclusion One's perceived socioeconomic position in the country is a relevant predictor of short sleep duration and could be a psychological link between OSS and short sleep duration as mediation analyses suggest. Future studies on socioeconomic status and sleep should thus take into account subjective measures of socioeconomic status to gain a clearer picture of the social determinants of sleep.