Removal and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a decentralized greywater treatment system serving an Indian rural community

Abstract A widespread occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is reported in all the environmental matrices. Thus, the present study investigated the prevalence of these emerging contaminants in the wastewater from Vichoor village, Tamil Nadu, India. Among the 14 investigated PPCPs, caffeine (CAF), triclosan (TCS), bisphenol A (BPA), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were the most frequently detected compounds in the concentration range of 5 ng/L to 250.14 µg/L. A seasonal variation (p