Temporal- and spatial-scale and positional effects on rain erosivity derived from point-scale and contiguous rain data
2018
Abstract. Up until now, erosivity required for soil loss
predictions has been mainly estimated from rain gauge data at point scale
and then spatially interpolated to erosivity maps. Contiguous rain data from
weather radar measurements, satellites, cellular communication networks and
other sources are now available, but they differ in measurement method and
temporal and spatial scale from data at point scale. We determined how the
intensity threshold of erosive rains has to be modified and which scaling
factors have to be applied to account for the differences in method and
scales. Furthermore, a positional effect quantifies heterogeneity of
erosivity within 1 km 2 , which presently is the highest
resolution of freely available gauge-adjusted radar rain data. These effects
were analysed using several large data sets with a total of approximately 2×10 6 erosive events (e.g. records of 115 rain gauges for 16 years
distributed across Germany and radar rain data for the same locations and
events). With decreasing temporal resolution, peak intensities decreased and
the intensity threshold was met less often. This became especially
pronounced when time increments became larger than 30 min. With decreasing
spatial resolution, intensity peaks were also reduced because additionally
large areas without erosive rain were included within one pixel. This was
due to the steep spatial gradients in erosivity. Erosivity of single events
could be zero or more than twice the mean annual sum within a distance of
less than 1 km. We conclude that the resulting large positional effect
requires use of contiguous rain data, even over distances of less than 1 km,
but at the same time contiguously measured radar data cannot be resolved to
point scale. The temporal scale is easier to consider, but with time
increments larger than 30 min the loss of information increases
considerably. We provide functions to account for temporal scale (from 1
to 120 min) and spatial scale (from rain gauge to pixels of 18 km width)
that can be applied to rain gauge data of low temporal resolution and to
contiguous rain data.
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