Attribution of PM 2.5 exposure in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region to emissions: implication to control strategies

The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region is one of the most heavily polluted regions in China, with both high PM 2.5 concentrations and a high population density. A quantitative source-receptor relationship can provide valuable insights that can inform effective emission control strategies. Both source apportionment (SA) and source sensitivity (SS) can provide such information from different perspectives. In this study, both methods are applied in northern China to identify the most significant emission categories and source regions for PM 2.5 exposure in BTH in 2013. Despite their differences, both models show similar distribution patterns for population and simulated PM 2.5 concentrations, resulting in overall high PM 2.5 exposure values (approximately 110 μg/m 3 ) and particularly high exposure values during the winter (approximately 200 μg/m 3 ). Both methods show that local emissions play a dominant role (70%), with some contribution from surrounding provinces (e.g., Shandong) via regional transport. The two methods also agree on the priority of local emission controls: both identify industrial, residential, and agricultural emissions as the top three categories that should be controlled locally. In addition, the effect of controlling agricultural ammonia emissions is approximately doubled when the co-benefits of reducing nitrate are considered. The synthesis of SA and SS for addressing specific categories of emissions provides a quantitative basis for the development of emission control strategies and policies for controlling PM 2.5 in China.