Polysurgery for intractable pneumothorax

: Intractable secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) is occasionally lethal. Therefore, conservative treatments such as chemical pleurodesis are frequently performed for inoperable patients with intractable SSP. And then the operation for SSP is more serious and intractable than primary spontaneous pneumothoraces because of decreased pulmonary function and underlying lung diseases in these patients. Therefore, the indication of polysurgery for intractable pneumothorax is controversial. We had proposed the techniques of surgical approaches for polysurgery of intractable SSP.