Reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine among extremely-drug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Summary Background Over the last decade, extremely-drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae have emerged worldwide, mainly as a result of patient-to-patient spread. The predominant clone, sequence type 258 (ST258), is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and is a worldwide threat to public health. It was hypothesized that reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine, the most widely used hospital disinfectant, may contribute to the endemic nature of this strain. Aim To characterize and compare the susceptibility of the epidemic K. pneumoniae clone ST258 and non-epidemic K. pneumoniae clones to chlorhexidine. Methods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chlorhexidine was determined in 126 XDR K. pneumoniae clinical isolates using agar dilution. Expression of three different efflux pumps – cepA , acrA and kdeA – was investigated in the absence and presence of chlorhexidine using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Heteroresistance to chlorhexidine was identified using population analysis. Findings The MIC of chlorhexidine was higher for K. pneumoniae ST258 ( N  = 70) than other K. pneumoniae sequence types ( N  = 56); 99% of ST258 isolates had MICs >32 μg/mL, compared with 52% of other K. pneumoniae sequence types ( P cepA , acrA and kdeA efflux pumps. Chlorhexidine-resistant subpopulations were observed independent of the bacterial sequence type or the MIC. Conclusions Reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine may contribute to the success of XDR K. pneumoniae as a nosocomial pathogen, and may provide a selective advantage to the international epidemic strain K. pneumoniae ST258. The heterogeneous nature of chlorhexidine-resistant subpopulations suggests that this phenomenon might not be rendered genetically.