Biocompatibility testing of single-walled carbon nanotubes on murine preosteoblasts: higher osteoblastic differentiation with BMP-9 than with BMP-2.

: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used in orthopaedic applications because of their exceptional mechanical properties. However, the influence of CNTs on the behaviour of bone-forming cells and on the ability of these cells to respond to growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), remains poorly known. Therefore, in the present study, single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) were synthesised using an induction thermal plasma process and purified using a multistep procedure. The impact of these purified SWCNTs on the Smad activation, cell proliferation and differentiation, with or without BMP-2 and BMP-9 (1.92 nM), was also studied using western blot, mitochondrial enzymatic activity, TUNEL, RT-PCR and alkaline phosphatase activity analyses. Pre-treatment of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts with SWCNTs accelerated the Smad1/5/8 activation, induced by both BMP-2 and BMP-9, within 15 min. It also slightly affected their proliferation at 48 h without apoptosis. Interestingly, at 72 h, BMP-9 favoured the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts pretreated with SWCNTs to a larger extent than BMP-2 did. Therefore, the combination of BMP-9 with SWCNTs appears to be a promising avenue for bone applications.