Hypertrophy and Altered Activity of the Adrenal Cortex in Homer 1 Knockout Mice

Homer 1 gene products are involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity, and hence, distinct behavioral abnormalities, including anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, have been observed in Homer 1 knockout (KO) mice. Here we report that Homer 1 KO mice additionally exhibit a pronounced endocrine phenotype, displaying a profoundly increased adrenal gland weight and increased adrenal/body weight ratio. Histologi- cal examinations of Homer 1 defi cient adrenal glands revealed an increased size of the adrenal cortex, especially the sizes of the zona fascicu- lata and zona glomerulosa . Moreover, the plasma corticosterone and aldosterone were higher in Homer 1 KO than wild-type (WT) mice while the plasma ACTH levels were not diff erent between the genotypes. The in vivo ACTH test revealed that corticosterone and aldosterone plasma levels were higher in saline injected Homer 1 KO mice than in WT mice (saline injected mice served as controls for the respective groups of ACTH- injected animals), but the magnitude of steroid responses to ACTH was similar in both geno- types. In contrast, an in vitro experiment per- formed on isolated cells of adrenal cortex clearly showed increased production of both steroids in response to ACTH in Homer 1 KO cells, which is in line with an ~8-fold increase in the expression of ACTH receptor mRNA in the adrenal cortex of these mutants. These results, together with the detection of Homer 1 mRNA and protein in the adrenal cortex of WT mice, indicate that Homer 1 directly aff ects the ste roidogenic function of the adrenal glands .