Changing role of carrier gas in formation of ethanol clusters by adiabatic expansion

Adiabatic expansion of molecular vapors is a celebrated method for producing pure and mixed clusters of relevance in both applied and fundamental studies. The present understanding of the relationship between experimental conditions and the structure of the clusters formed is incomplete. We explore the role of the backing/carrier gas during adiabatic expansion of ethanol vapors with regard to cluster production and composition. Single-component clusters of ethanol were produced over a wide size-range by varying the rare gas (He, Ar) backing pressure, with Ar being more efficient than He in promoting the formation of pure ethanol clusters. However, at stagnation pressures Ps>1.34(4) bar and temperature 49(2) °C, synchrotron-based valence and inner-shell photoelectron spectroscopy reveals condensation of Ar carrier gas on the clusters. Theoretical calculations of cluster geometries as well as chemical shifts in carbon 1s ionization energies confirm that the experimental observations are consistent with an e...