The need for serious attention to the control of invasive species Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. in the grasslands of Fandoghlu region, Namin, Ardabil

The Fandoghlu grasslands of Namin are considered the most important rangeland ecosystems in the northwest of the country for various aspects such as high-quality rangeland species, genetic resources, forage production, beekeeping, and tourism. Over the past few decades, we have witnessed the intentional or unintentional introduction of the invasive plant Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. in tourist areas and rangelands adjacent to the forests of Talesh, Shoghaldare, Fandoghlu, Nanekaran, Kaleh Sar, and Aladizgeh in Namin county. According to reliable references and indigenous knowledge, this species has not been present in these areas in the distant past; however, its distribution has been widely observed in grasslands and forest spots in the region in recent decades. L. vulgare is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae, and by forming a dense and extensive population, it affects the composition of plant communities, structure, and function. In addition, due to the bitter smell and taste and allopathic properties, it is not grazed by domestic and wild animals. Therefore, it is a threat to the sustainable use of rangelands. Identifying the ecological factors affecting the species distribution, understanding the life cycle and its growth needs, and selecting effective management strategies are important to support optimal vegetation to prevent its spread. The information provided helps managers prioritize effective action, taking into account relevant bio-economic costs, their effects on the region's grasslands and other rangeland ecosystems, and the benefits of controlling it.