Laser thermal angioplasty probe ("hot tip") temperature: effects of flow.

The temperature developed by the laser thermal (“hot tip”) probe during arterial recanalisation is primarily dependent on the rate of energy delivery and the rate of dissipation to the surrounding medium. While higher probe tip temperatures enhance the efficacy of atheroma ablation, so too is the incidence of adverse effects increased. We studied the temperature developed in the probe tip in an artificial circulation using both saline and blood. In saline the peak probe temperatures were limited to 100°C (boiling point), falling with each increment in flow. Small discrepancies in probe tip temperature were found between probes and within probes at different times and may be due to malalignment of the optical fibre-metal cap coupling, temperature measurement inaccuracy, tip insulation, or generator output instability. In blood, charring and clot formation insulated the tip raising the temperature (up to 700°C within 5 seconds at 10 W) but also retarded dissipation of heat to the surroundings. The degree of clot and char formation was critical in determining subsequent thermal responses in any particular probe. The unknown rate and quantity of char buildup and changing blood flow during in vivo angioplasty are likely to be important obstacles to developing a reliable thermal feedback control system.