Relative fundamental frequency of voiced and voiceless stops and fricatives for different phonation types in normal French speakers

The relative fundamental frequency (RFF) was recently used to assess vocal effort in normal and dysphonic subjects since it reflects the vocal fold tension at the offset and onset of vowels with, in particular, lower values at the edges of voiced consonants compared to their voiceless counterparts. In this study, we explored the RFF variations according to the voicing status and the articulation manner of consonants, in several types of speech production known to involve different levels of vocal effort. Twelve native French speakers (6 females) with normal voice were asked to produce 24 trains of eight syllables in seven vocal conditions: spontaneous, low, high, soft, loud, breathy, and pressed voice. We considered the unaspirated voiceless and voiced consonants /p, b, f, v/ with the middle open vowel /a/. As expected, the RFF was lower for voiced than for voiceless consonants. In addition, it was lower for stops than for fricatives. The RFF was also lower for the high, loud, and pressed conditions while...