Anatomy of the pituitary region

Abstract The pituitary region is characterized by an exceptional aggregation of important anatomical structures that serve a unique diversity of essential functions. The pituitary is the master gland that regulates a plethora of hormone axes and peripheral endocrine organs. The hypothalamus is the pivotal center for the autonomic nervous system. The internal carotid artery which courses in close proximity to the pituitary gland is vital for cerebral perfusion. The nerval structures that transverse the pituitary region serve important ophthalmological and neurological functions. Pituitary tumors can endanger functions related to the sellar and perisellar anatomical structures, and knowledge of the anatomy is the foundation for surgical removal of pituitary tumors. The anatomical structures determine the surgical approach and the risk of surgical procedures. This chapter describes the anatomy of the pituitary region with a focus on anatomical structures relevant to transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.