Detection of pathogens in Dermacentor reticulatus in northwestern Europe: evaluation of a high-throughput array.

Abstract Background The geographic distribution of Dermacentor reticulatus is expanding in Europe. Surveillance of this tick species and its pathogens is desirable, as it transmits pathogens of public and veterinary importance. A high-throughput real-time PCR-based array was used to screen 1.741 D. reticulatus ticks from Belgium, Germany, The Netherlands, and Great Britain for the presence of 28 tick-borne bacteria and twelve protozoan parasites. The presence of pathogen DNA was confirmed by conventional PCR followed by sequencing. Results The array detected the presence of DNA from Borrelia spp. (7%), B. afzelii (0.1%) , B. garinii (0.1%) , B. spielmanii (0.1%) , B. miyamotoi (0.2%) , Anaplasma marginale (0.1%) , A. phagocytophilum (0.1%) , Ehrlichia canis (2%) , Rickettsia helvetica (0.2%) , spotted fever group Rickettsia (9.6%), Francisella tularensis or Francisella -like endosymbionts (95%) , Coxiella burnettii (0.1%) , Babesia divergens (0.2%) , B. canis (0.9%) B. vogeli (5.6%) , and Theileria equi (0.1%) . Only the presence of B. canis and spotted fever group Rickettsia could be confirmed by conventional PCR and sequencing. The spotted fever Rickettsia -positive samples were all identified as R. raoultii . Conclusions We successfully detected and determined the prevalence of B. canis and R. raoultii in D. reticulatus . An high-throughput array that allows fast and comprehensive testing of tick-borne pathogens is advantageous for surveillance and future epidemiological studies. The importance of thorough validation of real-time PCR-based assays and careful interpretation is evident.