Prevalence of ESR1 Mutations in Cell-Free DNA and Outcomes in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of the BOLERO-2 Clinical Trial

Importance Estrogen receptor α ( ESR1 ) mutations found in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) promote ligand-independent receptor activation and resistance to estrogen-deprivation therapy in laboratory models. The prevalence of these mutations and their potential impact on clinical outcomes has not been established. Objective To determine the prevalence of ESR1 mutations (Y537S and D538G) in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MBC and determine whether mutation is associated with inferior outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants From December 16, 2014, to August 26, 2015, we analyzed cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from baseline plasma samples from participants in the BOLERO-2 double-blind phase 3 study that randomized patients from 189 centers in 24 countries with MBC to exemestane plus placebo or exemestane plus everolimus. The study enrolled postmenopausal women with a diagnosis of MBC and prior exposure to an aromatase inhibitor. Baseline plasma samples were available from 541 of 724 patients (74.7%). We assessed the effect of mutation on overall survival of the population and the effect of mutation on progression-free survival (PFS) by treatment arm. Interventions Patients were randomized to treatment with exemestane (25 mg oral daily) together with everolimus (10 mg oral daily) or with placebo. Main Outcomes and Measures The 2 most frequent mutations in ESR1 (Y537S and D538G) were analyzed from cfDNA using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and samples scored as wild-type, D538G, Y537S, or double mutant. Cox-proportional hazards model was used to assess PFS in patient subgroups defined by mutations, and the effect of each mutation on overall survival. Results Of 541 evaluable patients, 156 (28.8%) had ESR1 mutation D538G (21.1%) and/or Y537S (13.3%), and 30 had both. These mutations were associated with shorter overall survival (wild-type, 32.1 months [95% CI, 28.09-36.40 months]; D538G, 25.99 months [95% CI, 19.19-32.36 months]; Y537S, 19.98 months [13.01-29.31 months]; both mutations, 15.15 months [95% CI, 10.87-27.43 months]). The D538G group (hazard ratio, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.02-0.57]) derived a similar PFS benefit as wild type from addition of everolimus to exemestane. Conclusions and Relevance ESR1 mutations are prevalent in ER-positive aromatase inhibitor-treated MBC. Both Y537S and D538G mutations are associated with more aggressive disease biology. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00863655