Stereotatic radiotherapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: combining immunotherapy and radiotherapy with a focus on liver metastases

Abstract Presence of liver metastases correlates with worse survival and response to any treatments. This may be due to the microenvironment of liver which leads tumor to escape from Immune System. Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy may help to sensitize Immune System and to improve the immunotherapy effect. Interest is being directed toward combining Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors with radiotherapy to improve response to immunotherapy. However, the mechanisms by which radiation induces anti-tumor T-cells remain unclear. Preclinical studies founded radiotherapy enhances antitumor immune responses, increasing tumor antigen release, and inducing T-cell infiltration. Radiotherapy is under investigation for its ability to enhance responses to immunotherapy. Nevertheless, how to optimally deliver combination therapy regarding dose-fractionation and timing of radiotherapy is unknown. The aim of this review is to explore the role of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, focusing on patients with liver metastases, and the possible immunological implications combining immunotherapy and radiotherapy.