Detection of IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies against human and plant aquaporins in patients with multiple sclerosis

istration of IL-6 increases cortical excitability, culminating in epileptiform discharges in vitro and spontaneous seizures in vivo. Intracellular slice recordings from neocortical pyramidal cells obtained from IL-6treated mice prior to the appearance of spontaneous seizures in vivo show that the cells respond to repetitive orthodromic activation by generating prolonged recovery after depolarization with no change in intrinsic membrane properties. Conclusions: These data suggest that TGF-beta signaling-induced epileptogenesis results from a differential SMAD2/3 signaling in astrocyte and microglia, resulting in IL-6-mediated dysregulation of astrocyte-neuronal interactions.