Modern Treatment and Monitoring of Haemorrhagic Shock

When a patient requires massive transfusion, it always means that he is extremely ill [1]. Hypoperfusion, hypovolemia, hypothermia, acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperosmolarity, extensive wounds, substantial tissue destruction or embolization, subsequent impaired antibacterial defences, and hypoperfusion injury to most of the viscera comprise the usual settings for transfusion. Renal failure, hepatic insufficiency, and pneumonitis are common outcomes, and, with certain injuries, intra-abdominal sepsis joins the list [2].