Utilization of FerroalloyProduction Wastes

The continuing decline in the quality of natural minerals (manganese, chromium, and others) impairs ferroalloy production. In particular, the extraction of the major component in alloys is less effective. The poor utilization of valuable elements in alloys is asso� ciated with losses during ore extraction and enrich� ment, ferroalloy production, and steel smelting. The mean losses of elements such as manganese and chro� mium amount to 5–10% in ore extraction, 27–30% in enrichment, 12–40% in ferroalloy production, and 5–30% in steel smelting. Consequently, the total extraction of manganese and chromium in the product is no more than 30–40% of its content in the ground. The main producers of manganese ferroalloys in Russia today are Kosogorsk metallurgical plant and