A survey of problems and approaches in wireless-based indoor positioning

Indoor positioning is a key technology that enables the development of various smart and autonomous indoor applications. In recent years, wireless device is considered a promising technology enabler for indoor positioning despite facing various problems in the form of spatial, temporal, and device variation. Here we present a survey of problems in wireless-based indoor positioning and the state-of-the-art approaches aimed to solving those problems. This survey paper discusses various positioning metrics, parametric and non-parametric models to deal with spatial and temporal variation, as well as various methods that address device heterogeneity. In addition, some interesting fusion approaches are discussed. This paper aims to help researchers understand the current state of progress in wireless-based indoor positioning and identify areas that still need more research and improvement.