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Microbioma y secuenciación masiva

2017 
espanolEl microbioma humano es un ecosistema interno constituido por el hombre y los microorganismos que en el conviven, microorganismos esenciales para mantener su salud, pues junto con el sistema inmunologico protegen frente a patogenos invasores y mantienen la salud. La base de la microbiologia tradicional ha sido el cultivo bacteriano, sin embargo la mayoria de los microorganismos observables en la naturaleza, no se cultivan mediante tecnicas habituales, por ello en la actualidad, la era molecular ha permitido identificar estos microorganismos en base a su huella genetica, gracias a la metagenomica. La subunidad 16S del ARN ribosomal es considerada como la diana universal para la identificacion bacteriana a partir del ADN, con la ayuda de la secuenciacion. El metodo de Sanger o secuenciacion de primera generacion termino imponiendose por su sencillez y precision, posteriormente se desarrollo la segunda generacion, o de alto rendimiento capaz de generar cientos de miles de reacciones de secuencias de manera mas rapida y economica, sin embargo, es la secuenciacion de tercera generacion, la que lleva al limite los avances de la nanotecnologia. Con la utilizacion del gen de referencia, las tecnicas de secuenciacion masiva y las herramientas bioinformaticas para el tratamiento de datos, se ha podido conseguir una informacion sobre el microbioma humano, con un nivel de detalle sin precedente en cuanto a taxonomia y funcion de los microorganismos, lo que ha supuesto una autentica revolucion no solo en su conocimiento sino tambien en su implicacion en la salud o de enfermedad del ser humano. EnglishThe human microbiome is an internal ecosystem that refers to the community of microorganisms that populate the human body. These microorganisms are essential to support his health, because the interaction between the host immune system and microorganisms, provide the host with protection against pathogens, and contributes to the preservation of health. Bacteriological culture has been the basis for traditional microbiology; however, most of the bacterial forms observed in nature cannot be isolated with laboratory culture methods. At present, metagenomic applies a suite of genomic technologies, where the microorganisms are identified by their genomic fingerprint. The 16S rRNA subunit is considered as the universal target for bacterial identification from DNA with the aid of sequencing. Sanger sequencing technology had a great impact on the first generation sequencing due to its simplicity and precision. Platforms high-throughput known as second generation secuencing technologies are capable to generate hundreds of thousands of sequence reactions in a faster and economic way. However, thanks to the third generation sequencing the greatest advances in nanotechnology have been made. Using the reference gene, the massive sequencing techniques and bioinformatics tools used for the data processing, there has been an important development of the human microbiome, achieving an unprecedented detail level on the taxonomy and microbial function. This has meant an authentic revolution not only in their knowledge but also in their involvement in the health or illness of the human being.
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