Prevalence of Risk Factors Predisposing to Foot Problems in Patients on Hemodialysis

A disturbingly high prevalence of single or bilateral lower extremity amputations in our program prompted us to conduct a study to identify the prevalence of risk factors that predispose patients on hemodialysis (HD) to foot problems. The study consisted of a one-time assessment of subjects’ risk for and actual prevalence of amputation. The sample consisted of 232 subjects ‐ 56% male, 44% female. Ages ranged from 21-91 years, mean age 65.1 and median age 69 years. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (75%), coronary artery disease (50%), diabetes (42.2%), hyperlipidemia (34.9%), and peripheral vascular disease (27.2%), which are all established risk factors for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Twenty-one percent of subjects were current smokers; 28% were former smokers. Nearly 13.4% of subjects had undergone amputations ranging from single toes to bilateral above knee amputations. Only 31% of subjects had both bilateral palpable pedal pulses present. Neuropathy, as evidenced by the inability to feel the application of monofilaments to 10 sites on each foot or the presence of symptoms, was present in 74.6% of subjects. Only 2.6% of subjects demonstrated comprehensive self-care behaviors (SCBs). With respect to subjects’ ability for self-care, 75% of subjects had adequate vision, 60% adequate dexterity, and 55% adequate flexibility to perform self-care. Study findings confirmed impressions that patients are at considerable risk for foot complications. Implications for nursing practice include regular foot assessment, education for self-care, and referral to specialists when required. T he prevalence of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) in the general public is estimated at 3.5% to 23% (O’Hare & Johansen, 2001). Among individuals with diabetes, the prevalence of PAOD is four to seven times greater than in those without diabetes (Armstrong, Lavery, & Harkless, 1998). The most common cause of chronic renal failure is diabetes, accounting for 44.3% of new end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients annually in the United States (U.S.) and 33% of new ESRD patients in Canada (U.S. Renal Data Systems [USRDS], 2003). Annually more than 125,000 people in the U.S. undergo lower extremity amputations (Armstrong et al., 1998). Of these, between 50% and 80% are attributable to diabetes