Environmental stability and oral bioaccessibility of synthetic Pb-bearing phases to better evaluate soil health risks

A large amount of contaminated sites is shown around the world which may induce a health risk due to the presence of contaminants such as metal (loid)s bearing phases. Health risk assessment is based on contaminant bioaccessibility. However, it is needed to understand every contaminant behavior in physiological matrix to be a realistic way to assess and interpret these sanitary risks. Due to the complexity of contaminated soil matrix, the use of synthetic minerals seems to be the better tool to understand their behavior in physiological matrix. Then, this study aims to highlight the environmental stability and the behavior during bioaccessibility ingestion (UBM) of selected synthetic lead-bearing phases. For this purpose, three Pb phases (galena, beudantite, and anglesite) commonly found in contaminated environments (particularly mining sites) were synthesized and characterized (structurally and morphologically). The sequential BCR extractions have shown that most of the lead is in a stable and non-mobilizable form (up to 93%). The lead present in these phases represents very few risks of migrating into the environment during physicochemical condition changes. The results of the bioaccessibility revealed a relatively high stability of the pure bearing phases in the physiological matrix. Lead is stable for 97.0% to 99.2% during the gastric phase and 97.0% to 99.9% during the gastro-intestinal phase. Moreover, the synthetic mixtures of galena/beudantite and anglesite/beudantite have been realized considering the proportions commonly found in the mining contexts. This has shown a similar behavior compared to pure phases except in the case of the anglesite mixture inducing a clear cocktail effect (drastic increase of Pb amount from gastro-intestinal phases). At last, this study is a first and interesting step to assess the behavior of these bearing phases in heterogeneous and complex medium such as soil.