Outbound open innovation in China and Russia: innovation system approach

Barriers to open innovation (OI) result from both internal and external factors. One of the most important external/environmental factors affecting knowledge flows between organisations, and hence the utilisation of OI is the national innovation system (NIS) and its institutions. This study aims at clarifying the influence of economic systems and institutions on OI practices by examining barriers to OI in China and Russia. The study distinguishes the main factors within a national system of innovation influencing the OI practices of companies, as well as the barriers arising from them.