The mobility of anthropogenic 129I in a shallow sand aquifer at Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, Canada

The transport and partitioning of 1 2 9 I has been examined for a shallow groundwater flow system at Sturgeon Falls in northeastern Ontario. Recharge into a sandy surficial postglacial deltaic aquifer occurs in the vicinity of a seasonally-wet boreal forest. Concentrations of stable iodine, 1 2 9 I, tritium, radiocarbon, stable isotopes and major ions were measured on samples of groundwater and precipitation. The present-day tritium profile delineates the position of the early 1960's above-ground nuclear weapons pulse at a depth of approximately 12 m. The concentrations of stable iodine for groundwaters above, near and below the above-ground nuclear weapons pulse range from 0.07 to 1.7 ppb. Over that same interval 1 2 9 I concentrations decreased from 1.9×10 6 atoms/L at 9m, to approximately 1.9 x 10 5 atoms/L in tritium-depleted waters at 35 m, below the present-day depth of the recharging above-ground nuclear weapons peak at approximately 12.7m. No substantial increases in the levels of 1 2 9 I were evident in waters sampled near the location of the above-ground nuclear weapons peak. The 1 2 9 I values in the lower aquifer are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater than published estimates of pre-bomb 1 2 9 I (10 3 to 10 4 atoms/L), and indicate contribution of 1 2 9 I from the fissiogenic decay of 2 3 8 U in the basal granite bedrock or from leaching of 1 2 9 I from the aquifer grains. A precipitation sample collected at Sturgeon Falls had concentrations of stable iodine and 1 2 9 I of 0.2 ppb and 8.5 x 10 7 atoms/L, respectively. Concentrations of 1 2 9 I in Sturgeon Falls groundwaters are lower than those reported in other studies in central Canada, suggesting that the levels of 1 2 9 I in these groundwaters may have been attenuated by complexation or ion exchange with organic materials in the near-surface soil horizons. Such processes have been documented during a previous study on the behavior of 1 2 9 I in a shallow aquifer near a low-level, radioactive waste management area. Along a 30 cm soil profile at piezometer nest 28 at the Sturgeon Falls study site, the concentrations of 1 2 9 I ranged from approximately 4.3 × 10 8 atoms/g in the uppermost soil litter layer to 5.6 x 107 atoms/g in the siltier bottom soil horizons. Over that same profile, stable iodine varied from 4.7 ppm in the upper layers to 3.9ppm in the lower layers.