3D printing in orthopedic surgery

Abstract 3D printing is an innovative technology that is used in various fields in surgery. It is not routinely used in Orthopedic Surgery by now; nevertheless, recent advancements in 3D printers, software and printable materials are responsible for its popularity, which continuously increases. 3D-printed anatomic models are used in preoperative planning at complex trauma and elective surgeries. They help the training of both junior surgeons and the patients, providing them with a tactile realization of the condition they have to deal. Patient-specific implants and instruments are available for reconstructive and spine surgery, oncology and deformity correction. Custom-made casts and orthotics are available, while 3D-printed scaffolds are under research for bone tissue engineering. Improvements in cost-effectiveness, speed, and accuracy of printing should be surpassed, and new biomaterials and bioinks are necessary to bring a revolution toward individualized medicine.