Computation of Steering and Braking Forces of Tractor Type Escort Tugs

This paper presents two practical computational procedures to predict the steering and braking forces applied by tractor type escort tugs to large vessels, particularly oil tankers. The essential part of the escort performance prediction methodology is the computation of hydrodynamic forces generated by the tug’s hull and the appendages such as skeg. These forces can be converted into the steering and braking force components which define the escort performance of the tug. The hydrodynamic forces can be estimated by scaled model tests however this approach is not suitable for early design studies because of cost and time restrictions. The first methodology presented in this paper is based on semi-empirical methods, obtained from model test measurements and full-scale test results, and developed in order to be used at early design stages where limited design information is available. A computational technique based on Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations is recommended for the later stages of design process in which more precise definition of hull and appendages geometries are available. This approach, which takes local flow characteristics into account, can be used for the optimisation of hull and appendages geometries. In this study, two different approaches are presented and used on a given escort tug.