Segurança e eficácia de extratos obtidos de Pouteria mammosa (L.) Cronquist para o controle de dípteros muscoides

Common use in food and ethnobotanic medicine of Zapote or Mamey taxonomically classified as Pouteria mammosa (L.) Cronquist (Sapotaceae), shows its low or absent toxicity as fruit extracts prepared from seeds. However, it is essential to conduct security trials to scientifically support their use in drug therapy and other applications. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract at the concentration of 25% from the seeds of P. mammosa (L.) Cronquist for alternative control of muscoid flies of the family Calliphoridae and of the species Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out and the 402, 404 and 405 Acute Dermal Toxicity, Acute Dermal and Eye Irritation/Corrosion guidelines were used, as well as the 423 Acute Oral Toxicity guideline, Acute Toxic Class Method of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It was determined that both extracts (aqueous and hydroalcoholic at 25%) contained, in similar intensities, coumarins, saponins, phenols, and tannins, suggesting similar amounts. Metabolites which caused most differences between the two extracts were lipids and/or essential oils, amino acids, and reducing sugars that are only contained in the aqueous extract. Alkaloids, quinones, and triterpenes, and steroids were evident only in the hydroalcoholic extract at 25% of P. mammosa. The aqueous extract was located in the category: “not classified as toxic” (CTA 5), while the hydroalcoholic extract at 25% was classified as “dangerous” (CTA 4). Both extracts can be used without irritation of the the skin which permitted its classification as “potentially not irritant”. Both extracts of P. mammosa caused mild and reversible eye irritation, and were classified as slightly irritating. The results also demonstrated that topic treatment with P. mammosa can alter the post embryonic development of all tested species. Decrease in the body weigth of the species Chrysomia megacephala, Chrysomya putoria e M. domestica was observed. There was an increase in the post-embryonic development in three of the studied species, for up to three days in one of them. There was no change in the total development period of Chrysomya albiceps and Cochliomyia macellaria, but a reduction in the development time of C. putoria. Mortality percentages were over 40%, beings the species C. macellaria (72%) and M. domestica (61%) were the most sensitive. Malformations after emergence were observed in four of the six tested species. There was no effect on the sex ratio of muscoids treated with P. mammosa