Maternal Body Size and Condition Predict Measures of Reproductive Success and Future Reproductive Allocation in Territorial Eastern Red-Backed Salamanders

Female fitness is often influenced by trade-offs in energy allocated to reproduction or self-maintenance that is dependent upon the life history of the organism. Maternal body size and condition are factors that are often positively correlated with clutch size and offspring size. We investigated whether maternal body size (snout–vent length, SVL) and condition (residual of mass on SVL) could predict measures of reproductive success including clutch size, offspring body size (SVL), and offspring survival in the territorial Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus). Brooding females and their eggs were collected and then housed in a controlled laboratory setting. We recorded the number of eggs found with each female and separated offspring from females once hatched. At 40 d after hatching, we measured the SVL and mass of females and juveniles. Maternal SVL, but not condition, was positively related to clutch size and offspring SVL; however, there was no significant relationship between clutch size and offspring SVL, indicating no trade-off between number and body size of offspring. In the laboratory, survival of the offspring to 185 d post-hatching was positively related to maternal SVL and negatively related to maternal condition. Also, the mean SVL, measured on day 40, of the offspring that survived to 185 d was significantly greater than the SVL of the offspring that did not survive, indicating a benefit of larger offspring body size. Finally, subsequent egg production (number of new oocytes produced by females following the current reproductive bout) was positively related to maternal SVL and condition (measured 185 d after hatching their previous clutches). These results suggest that larger maternal body size and condition of Eastern Red-backed Salamanders provide increased reproductive success through the number and body size of offspring produced in current or subsequent reproductive bouts and in offspring survival. Large body size in territorial animals like P. cinereus provides benefits for holding high quality territories as well as for increased reproductive success.