Predictors of survival following veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with acute myocardial infarction-related refractory cardiogenic shock: clinical and coronary angiographic factors

Background This study aimed to identify the determinant factors of survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and refractory cardiogenic shock (RCS) who underwent veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Methods Sixty-nine consecutive patients with AMI-related RCS were enrolled in the study. They were treated with ECMO and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The clinical scores and coronary angiography (CAG) factors related to 100-day survival were evaluated. Results Thirty patients (43.5%) survived for more than 100 days. The CAG showed that 19 (27.5%) patients had left main disease (LMD). There were 17 (24.6%), 27 (39.1%), and 25 (36.3%) patients with one-vessel, two-vessel, and three-vessel disease, respectively. There were significant differences between the survivors and non-survivors in the simplified acute physiology score II (SAPSII) (65.4±17.2 vs. 83.1±13.0, P<0.001), sepsis-related organ failure assessment score (SOFA) (10.4±2.7 vs. 12.3±2.5, P=0.004), survival after veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation score (SAVE) (-4.4±4.3 vs. -8.4±3.1, P<0.001), CPR time (15.8±16.6 vs. 30.0±29.5, P=0.048), LMD [4 (13.3%) vs. 15 (38.5%), P=0.029], and number of coronary artery disease (NCAD) (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NCAD (OR 3.788, P=0.008) was one of the independent predictors of mortality. The ROC analysis showed that SAPSII (AUC 0.786, P<0.001), SOFA (AUC 0.715, P=0.002), and SAVE (AUC 0.766, P<0.001) equally predict mortality. The combined NCAD parameters more accurately predicted mortality and differences in the AUC values (d-AUC) between SAPSII plus NCAD vs. SAPSII (d-AUC 0.073, z=2.256, P=0.024), SOFA plus NCAD vs. SOFA (d-AUC 0.058, z=2.773, P=0.006), and SAVE plus NCAD vs. SAVE (d-AUC 0.036, z=2.332, P=0.020). Conclusions The SAPSII, SOFA, and SAVE scores predict the prognosis of ECMO-treated AMI patients with RCS. The CAG findings reinforce the predictive power of each score.