Modelling ice sheet evolution and atmospheric CO 2 during the Late Pliocene

Abstract. In order to investigate the relation between ice sheets and climate in a warmer-than-present world, recent research has focussed on the Late Pliocene, 3.6 to 2.58 million years ago. It is the most recent period in Earth history when such a climate state existed for a significant duration of time. Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) M2 (~ 3.3 Myr ago) is a strong positive excursion in benthic oxygen records in the middle of the otherwise warm and relatively stable Late Pliocene. However, the relative contributions to the benthic δ 18 O signal from deep-ocean cooling and growing ice sheets are still uncertain. Here, we present results from simulations of the late Pliocene with a hybrid ice-sheet–climate model, showing a reconstruction of ice sheet geometry, sea-level and atmospheric CO 2 . Initial experiments simulating the last four glacial cycles indicate that this model yields results which are in good agreement with proxy records in terms of global mean sea level, benthic oxygen isotope abundance, ice core-derived surface temperature and atmospheric CO 2 concentration. For the Late Pliocene, our results show an atmospheric CO 2 concentration during MIS M2 of 233–249 ppmv, and a drop in global mean sea level of 10 to 25 m. Uncertainties are larger during the warmer periods leading up to and following MIS M2. CO 2 concentrations during the warm intervals in the Pliocene, with sea-level high stands of 8–14 m above present-day, varied between 320 and 400 ppmv, lower than indicated by some proxy records but in line with earlier model reconstructions.