Neumonía aguda grave de la comunidad en menores de 65 años sin comorbilidades conocidas previamente: estudio multicéntrico retrospectivo

2011 
Objetivo: analizar las caracteristicas epidemiologicas, clinicas y de estudios complementarios en pacientes jovenes y sanos con neumonia aguda grave de la comunidad (NACG). Material y Metodo: evaluacion retrospectiva de historias clinicas de adultos menores de 65 anos, sin comorbilidades, internados con NACG entre 1998 y 2008. Resultados: se identificaron 40 pacientes (M/F = 0.48), edad promedio 37.8 ± 14.1anos (16-61). El 42.5% requirio ventilacion mecanica y el 57.5% inotropicos. La PaO2/FiO2 inicial fue 203.6 ± 91.4 mmHg (50-366.7) y las anomalias de laboratorio mas frecuentesincluyeron anemia, leucocitosis, hipoalbuminemia y urea y creatinina elevadas. El tratamiento antibiotico empirico consistio en ceftriaxona o s-lactamico/inhibidor de s-lactamasas (BL) + macrolido en el 70% de los casos. La etiologia se revelo en el 50%,los patogenos y su frecuencia fueron: Streptococcus Pneumoniae, 35%; Leptospira, 15%; Hantavirus y Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 10% y Legionella pneumophila, Pneumocystisjirovecii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae BL (-) y Staphylococcus aureus sensible a meticilina, 5%. El 77.5% de los pacientes presentocomplicaciones, las mas frecuentes fueron shock, insuficiencia respiratoria, insuficiencia renal aguda y derrame pleural. Ocho pacientes presentaron comorbilidades desconocidas,incluyendo HIV positivo, diabetes mellitus, asma, insuficiencia cardiaca e hipotiroidismo. La mortalidad fue 12.5%. Hipotension arterial diastolica, taquicardia, requerimiento dehemodialisis y tratamiento inadecuado se asociaron independientemente a mortalidad. Conclusiones: el 20% de los menores de 65 anos con NACG, presumiblemente sanos, tenian comorbilidades. El patogeno mas frecuente fue neumococo y la mortalidad se asocio a la gravedad de la sepsis e inadecuacion del tratamiento. Aims: to analyze epidemiologic, clinical and other abnormalities in healthy young adults with severe community acquired pneumonia (SCAP). Methods: retrospective analysis of clinical records of adults younger than 65 years, with SCAP and without previously known comorbidities, admitted from 1998 to 2008. Results: forty patients were included (M/F = 0.48), age 37.8 ± 14.1 years (range 16 - 61). Mechanical ventilation was used in 42.5% and vasopressors in 57.5% of patients. Initial PaO2/FIO2 ratio was 203.6 ± 91.4 mmHg (50 - 366.7); frequent laboratory abnormalities included: anemia, leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and high urea and creatinine levels.The empiric antimicrobial therapy was ceftriaxone or s-lactam/s - lactamases (BL) inhibitor plus macrolide in 70% of cases. The etiology was established in 50%; the specific pathogens were: Streptococcus pneumoniae, 35%; Leptospira, 15%; Hantavirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 10%; and Legionella pneumophila, Pneumocystisjirovecii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae BL (-) and methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, 5%. Complications were present in 77.5% including shock, respiratory failure, acute renal failure and pleural effusion.Eight patients presented previously unknown comorbidities including HIV infection, diabetes mellitus, asthma, congestive cardiac failure and hypothyroidism. Mortality was 12.5 %. Diastolic arterial hypotension, taquichycardia, requirement of hemodialysis and inadequate therapy were significantly associated to mortality. Conclusions: 20% of young and presumably healthy adults with SCAP had comorbidities. S. pneumoniae was the commonest pathogen; mortality was associated with severity of sepsis and inadequate therapy.
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