A evolução institucional das indústrias farmacêuticas indiana e brasileira revisitada

Despite the similarities in Indian and Brazilian industrial policy instruments to develop their pharmaceutical industry in the post 1950s to the 2000s, there were fundamental differences in public and private strategies that resulted in divergent levels of technological capabilities. The historical comparative study  presented in this paper seeks to elucidate these strategic differences, which are observable before and after the commercial opening of the 1990s. While India adopted a nationalist policy of absorbing external technology and internal technological development, Brazil adopted a technology transfer policy based on foreign direct investment, which has created substantial barriers to the technological capability building of national companies.