Design of a Generalized Fractional-Order PID Controller Using Operational Amplifiers

A generalized fractional-order PID controller topology, implemented using operational amplifiers (op-amps) as active elements is presented in this paper. The main attractive characteristic, from the design versatility and flexibility point of view, is the offered extra degrees of freedom and this is achieved using appropriately interconnected fractional-order capacitors which are implemented using appropriately configured RC networks. In order to evaluate the behavior of the proposed scheme, a heating furnace system has been considered as plant and the most important performance characteristics have been studied using the OrCAD PSpice simulator.