Optimized coupled band-pass filters

In this paper we compare two versions of fourth-order band-pass (BP) filter section realized as coupled structure, having negative feedback around two Biquadratic sections in cascade, usually designated as Biquartic section (i.e. it is the fourth-order band-pass section). The frequency response of a filter is subject to vary from the nominal values due to the effects of aging, changing working conditions, the fabrication tolerances of passive and active elements, etc. In order to maintain the filter's characteristics inside given specifications at the time of manufacture, and as long as possible, the main requirement is to design filters with reduced sensitivity to component tolerances. The Biquartic section has significantly reduced sensitivities to the changes of passive element values, particularly within the pass band, in comparison to common cascade design. For that purpose this structure is very suitable for use as a building block of narrow band, high order BP filters. The sensitivities are further reduced by using three-amplifier biquadratic block instead of more sensitive single-amplifier block. We investigated the sensitivities of two versions of biquartic section with two extreme combinations of second-order sections q-factor values, using Schoeffler's measure, the dynamic range, and output thermal noise using analysis in PSpice. Biquartic sections used throughout the examples are realized as reduced amplifier version retaining the low sensitivities of biquartic design. They also possess simple tuning features and simple design; design equations are given.