Insights Into Histoplasma capsulatum Behavior on Zinc Deprivation

Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermodimorphic fungus that causes histoplasmosis, a cosmopolitan mycosis of global incidence. The disease is prevalent in temperate and tropical regions such as North America, South America, Europe and Asia. It is known that during infection macrophages restricts Zn availability to H. capsulatum as a microbicidal mechanism. On this way the present work aimed to the response of H. capsulatum to zinc deprivation. In silico analyzes showed that H. capsulatum has eight genes related to zinc homeostasis ranging from transcription factors to CDF and ZIP family transporters. The transcriptional levels of ZAP1 ZRT1 and ZRT2 were induced under zinc-limiting conditions. The decrease in Zn availability increases fungicidal macrophage activity. Proteomics analysis during zinc deprivation at 24 and 48 h showed 265 proteins differentially expressed at 24 h and 68 at 48 h. Proteins related to energy production pathways, oxidative stress and cell wall remodeling were regulated. The data also suggested that low metal availability induces the chitin and glycan content in fungal cell wall that results in smoother cell surface. Metal restriction also induces oxidative stress triggered, at least in part, by reduction in pyridoxin synthesis.