Biological Structures: Failure of Bone and Teeth

The mechanical properties of bone and teeth are governed by a perfectly adapted composite structure. The mechanical behavior of bone is strongly influenced by its hierarchical structure of the extracellular matrix and the assembly of various bone cells. Aspects such as remodeling of bone tissue and repair mechanisms have to be considered. The structure and composition of bones and teeth are perfectly adapted to their function. To reveal the relevant mechanisms governing the fracture behavior of bone, it is useful to consider the interplay of (1) intrinsic damage mechanisms ahead of a crack tip and (2) extrinsic shielding mechanisms (mainly) behind the crack tip.