Is Autism Spectrum Disorder Related to Immune Dysfunction(s)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in communication and social interactions as well as restricted patterns of interest or behavior. On top of genetic and environmental risk factors, various immuno-inflammatory processes have been associated with ASD, at all developmental stages raising hopes of the possibility of identifying homogenous subgroups and of innovative diagnostic strategies. In order to review the potential role of immune dysfunctions in autism, we will summarize data along a developmental perspective: from specific immuno-genetic backgrounds, to peri-natal factors such as auto-antibodies and early infections, to inflammation in childhood and adult dysimmune patterns.