Hybrid Rubisco with Complete Replacement of Rice Rubisco Small Subunits by Sorghum Counterparts Confers C4-Plant-like High Catalytic Activity.

ABSTRACT Photosynthetic rate at the present atmospheric condition is limited by the CO2-fixing-enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) because of its extremely low catalytic rate (kcat) and poor affinity for CO2 (Kc) and specificity for CO2 (Sc/o). Rubisco in C4 plants generally shows higher kcat than that in C3 plants. Rubisco consists of eight large subunits and eight small subunits (RbcS). Previously, the chimeric incorporation of sorghum C4-type RbcS significantly increased the kcat of Rubisco in a C3 plant, rice. In this study, we knocked out rice RbcS multigene family by CRISPR/Cas9 and completely replaced the rice RbcS with sorghum RbcS in rice Rubisco. Obtained hybrid-Rubisco showed almost C4-plant-like catalytic properties, i.e., higher kcat, higher Kc and lower Sc/o. Transgenic lines expressing the hybrid-Rubisco accumulated reduced levels of Rubisco, whereas these showed slight but significantly higher photosynthetic capacity and similar biomass production under high CO2 condition compared to wild-type rice. High-resolution crystal structural analysis of the wild-type Rubisco and hybrid-Rubisco revealed the structural differences around the central pore of Rubisco and the βC-βD hairpin in RbcS. We speculate that such differences, particularly in the βC-βD hairpin, may impact the flexibility of Rubisco catalytic site and change the catalytic properties.