An ancient RAB5 governs the formation of additional vacuoles and cell shape in petunia petals.

Summary Homologous ("canonical") RAB5 proteins regulate endosomal trafficking to lysosomes in animals and to the central vacuole in plants. Epidermal petal cells contain small vacuoles (vacuolinos) that serve as intermediate stations for proteins on their way to the central vacuole. Here, we show that transcription factors required for vacuolino formation in petunia induce expression of RAB5a. RAB5a defines a previously unrecognized clade of canonical RAB5s that is evolutionarily and functionally distinct from ARA7-type RAB5s, which act in trafficking to the vacuole. Loss of RAB5a reduces cell height and abolishes vacuolino formation, which cannot be rescued by the ARA7 homologs, whereas constitutive RAB5a (over)expression alters the conical cell shape and promotes homotypic vacuolino fusion, resulting in oversized vacuolinos. These findings provide a rare example of how gene duplication and neofunctionalization increased the complexity of membrane trafficking during evolution and suggest a mechanism by which cells may form multiple vacuoles with distinct content and function.