Ureteral Physiology and Pharmacology

The ureters are retroperitoneal structures responsible for urine transport between the kidneys and the bladder. They are typically 22–30 cm in length and are composed of four layers. The inner layer is transitional epithelium, over which lies the lamina propria. The lamina propria is invested with a muscle layer that is composed of inner longitudinal and outer circular muscle fibers. Overlying the muscle is the adventitia, which contains the blood vessels and lymphatics coursing with the ureter.1