Determinants of Labor Market in Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A Survival Analysis of Commuters

This study aims to assess the determinants of the labour market in the Greater Jakarta Area (Jabodetabek) with a population of 27.9 million (2010 census) and growth rate of 3.6 per cent per annum over the period 2000-2010. With a total area of 4,384 square kilometres (1,693 sq mi), the city has a very high population density of 14,464 people per square kilometre (37,460/ sq mi), while the metro area has a density of 4,383 people/sq km (11,353/sq mi). The paper employs the survival regression analysis by incorporating attributes of commuter, namely gender, age, distance, travel time, wages, stress, education level, double-income households and homeownership. The area consists of Jakarta as the receiving labour market and eight municipalities and regencies as labour suppliers. The study utilizes a cross-section of data from a commuter survey with more than 4,000 respondents participated using different modes of land transport. The results reveal that some determinants have influenced commuters' resiliency and their willingness to participate in the receiving labour market. This study found that gender, distance, wages and homeownership do not affect the respondent’s decision whether to stay or quit as commuters. On the other hand, the fittest model exhibits that age, education level, stress, travel time and double-income households have significant effects on an individual's decision to stay or quit as a commuter. It is found that gender, distance, wages and homeownership do not matter for the respondent’s decision on whether to stay or to quit as commuters. The model exhibits that age, education level, stress, travel time and double-income household have significant effects on an individual's decision to stay or quit as a commuter. Education level has a positive effect; on the other hand, age, stress, double-income household and travel time have a negative effect. The policy implications for improving the labour supply provision and some contested policy options are suggested, such as the provision of affordable housing in Jakarta, the improvement of commuting enjoyment, the establishment of child care facilities in the office buildings and the creation of more sophisticated jobs within the Jakarta’s surrounding municipalities and regencies