Chemical-state analyses of Ni, Zn, and W ions in NiWO$_4$-ZnWO$_4$ solid solutions by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

The chemical states of Ni, Zn, and W in microcrystalline NiWO$_4$-ZnWO$_4$ solid solutions were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The recorded spectra of the Ni 2p, Zn 2p, and W 4f photoelectron lines and Ni L$_2$M$_{23}$M$_{45}$, Zn L$_3$M$_{45}$M$_{45}$, and W N$_4$N$_{67}$N$_{7}$ Auger-transition lines show pronounced changes with increasing Zn concentration. The positions of the resolved photoelectron and Auger-transition lines were combined to construct so-called chemical-state plots (Wagner or Auger-parameter plots) for metal ions in solid solutions. With increasing Zn concentration, the Auger parameter increases for Ni and decreases for W, thus evidencing a lowering and an increase of the electronic polarizability around core-ionized Ni and W ions, respectively. At the same time, the character of Zn-O bonds and the local structure around Zn ions do not change. It is concluded that the dilution of NiWO$_4$ with Zn ions is accompanied by an increase of the Ni-O bond ionicity and an increase of the W-O bond covalency. These changes are attributed to the charge redistribution among [NiO$_6$] and [WO$_6$] structural units. We show that a careful in-depth analysis of XPS data obtained with a laboratory-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system can give chemically sensitive, qualitative information on the changes in the first coordination spheres of each metal ion. This information is otherwise accessible only by synchrotron-based techniques (such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy).