Growth, yield and water use efficiency of chickpea (Cicer arietinum): response to biochar and phosphorus fertilizer application

ABSTRACTField experiments were conducted during summer (2013/2014) and winter (2014) in two different soil types to evaluate the effect of biochar and P fertilizer application on growth, yield, and water use efficiency of chickpea. Soil types include Rhodic Ferralsols (clay) in Thohoyandou and Leptic Cambisols (loamy sand) in Nelspruit, South Africa. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four biochar levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha−1) and two phosphorus fertilizer levels (0 and 90 kg ha−1) arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Biochar application at 5 t ha−1 significantly increased biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency of biomass production (WUEb) in the clay soil compared to 10 and 20 t ha−1. However, the increase was attributed to the addition of P fertilizer. Biochar application had no effect on yield components in the loamy sand soil, but P fertilizer addition increased number of seeds/pod in the loamy sand soil and number of pods/plant in the cla...