Cross talk between the endothelium and bone: vascular endothelial cells in bone development

Abstract Vascular endothelial cells play a critical role in bone formation and development. While the interplay between the endothelium and bone is complex and not yet fully understood, recent studies have revealed mechanisms behind endothelial influence on bone. Regulatory signals such as Vascular endothelial growth factor-A, matrix metalloproteinases, and fibroblast growth factors have been shown to influence the development, proliferation, and homeostasis of bone and the endothelium. Additionally, research in skeletal and systemic diseases and therapies has suggested the coupling of angiogenesis and proper bone development. Furthermore, advances in bone tissue engineering show the potential for implanted endothelial progenitor cells and signaling factors to accelerate fracture healing processes. Further investigations into the relationship between bone and vasculature could advance our understanding of bone formation, growth, and repair.