Failed inferior vena cava filter retrieval by conventional method: Analysis of its causes and retrieval of it by modified double-loop technique

ObjectivesTo evaluate the complications of the temporary implanted inferior vena cava (IVC) filter and the feasibility of double-loop technique for removal of complicated IVC filters.MethodsFrom January 2012 to December 2013, a total of 25 patients with IVC filter were referred for IVC filter retrieval. There were 20 Celect®, 3 OptEase®, and 2 Gunther-Tulip® filters. All of the patients were evaluated with a pre-procedural CT scan to identify any complications. The IVC filters which had failed to be retrieved by the conventional method were evaluated, and retrieval was attempted with double loop technique.ResultsSixteen of 25 (64%) filters had complications; IVC wall penetration (n = 11, 44%), tilted within IVC (n = 6, 24%), embedded struts (n = 3, 12%), and fracture of the strut (n = 1, 4%). The complications were overlapped in five patients. Two of them (8%) had also complained of filter-related pain. The success rate of IVC filter retrieval by double-loop technique was 14/16 (87.5%). There was no major...