Sustainable management of municipal solid waste to fuel: an overview for a better tomorrow

Abstract The generation of an enormous quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) poses a potential risk to the environment and socioeconomics, globally. The rapid increase in the generation of MSW is even exacerbating the situation on a daily basis. Appropriate treatment of the prevailing MSW and eliminating/minimizing the generation of new MSW are essential to improve the quality of the environment and socioeconomic conditions. Herein, we present an overview of numerous approaches with emphasis on their challenges and opportunities for sustainable management of MSW. Following a brief instruction, a special focus is given to the 3R approach, which has not been reviewed before from the MSW perspective. Thus, to cover this literature gap, herein, we discussed 3R approach to present its potential to minimize the generation and/or elimination of MSW. For the treatment of the existing MSW, three different approaches including biological, thermal, and hydrothermal approach along with their challenges and opportunities are thoroughly discussed with suitable examples. Various MSW breakdown processes involved and their related products are also given with schemes. Moreover, the factors affecting the composition and implementation of a comprehensive MSW management program are briefly discussed. Finally, the economic feasibility of the MSW treatment methods, sociocultural status, policy, and political aspects are also highlighted for a better tomorrow.