Biominerals: Formation, Function, Properties

Triggered by geochemical cycles, large-scale terrestrial processes and evolution, a tremendous biodiversity evolved over the geological record and produced proto- and metazoa with biomineralized hard tissue, characterized by unique structural designs and exquisite performance. These extraordinary structures and properties are a result of the precise control of the mineralization process by the living organism. This is directed by biomolecules forming a structural insoluble matrix acting as a scaffold for the mineral and soluble functional biomolecules, which can control the nucleation and mineralization process itself, sometimes starting before nucleation of the mineral by ion accumulation. The constructive process of the secretion of biopolymer and biomineral components is guided by the metabolic activity of cells. Organisms interact closely with the biologic and inorganic realms of their environment and generate composite materials for protection and survival. This implies the adaptation of biomaterial functionality to lifestyle and ecosystems [...]